Which century does 399 300 belong to

Then accessing these crucial early resources will be great for you and your history interests. A brief survey will give you the overview and find out about forthcoming eBooks which will help you further utilise these resources wihtout having to read then cover to cover….

The Dumnonii were they a group of celtic tribes, already established when the Romans invaded, and only subjugated finally by Egbert of Wessex in …along the path to the unification of England and subsequently Britain…. Read More. This entry is part 5 of 6 in the series Roman Timeline. Hephaestion, Alexander's closest lifelong friend, may have been among the small group taught by Aristotle.

Homer's Iliad becomes a profound source of inspiration to Alexander, who will keep scrolls of the text in his tent during his conquests.

The theatre at Epidaurus is the earliest and best surviving example of a classical Greek stage and auditorium. Alexander the Great, at the age of sixteen, conducts his first successful military campaign — against the Thracians. Go to artillery in Oxford Dictionary of the Classical World 1 ed.

Philip of Macedon persuades most of the Greek city-states, brought together in Corinth, to agree to a military alliance with himself as leader. An advance guard of 10, troops sets off towards Persia in the spring, with Philip due to follow later with the main army. At a summer feast to celebrate the wedding of his daughter, Philip of Macedon is murdered by one of his courtiers.

The League of Corinth elects Alexander to take his father's place as leader of the campaign against Persia. Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth. Go to Thebes in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.

The year-old Alexander the Great marches east with some cavalry and 30, footsoldiers. Indulging in a moment of romantic tourism, Alexander visits Troy at the start of his Persian campaign. Alexander, recreating a classic Greek ceremony, runs naked in Troy to the supposed tomb of Achilles to place a garland. At the river Granicus, not far from Troy, Alexander defeats a Persian army employing many Greek mercenaries.

Go to Darius III c. At Gordium, in central Turkey, Alexander is credited with cutting the mythical Gordian Knot identifying him as the ruler of Asia. Alexander moves south through Syria and Palestine, excluding the Persian fleet from their familiar harbours. Tyre, the only coastal city to offer serious resistance to Alexander, is taken and destroyed after a siege of seven months.

Go to Tyre in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Alexander the Great's army arrives in Egypt and the Persian governor of the province rapidly surrenders. In Memphis Alexander sacrifices to Apis, a sacred bull, and is crowned pharaoh by the priests. While in Egypt, Alexander founds Alexandria — the best known of the many towns he establishes to spread Greek culture.

Go to Alexandria in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Alexander travels far into the desert, to a famous oracle of the sun god Amon or Amon-Re at Siwah, where the priest recognizes him as the son of the god.

Go to oracle in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. Aristotle tackles wide-ranging subjects on a systematic basis, leaving to his successors an encyclopedia of contemporary thought.

As a conclusive end to the long rivalry between Greece and Persia, Alexander destroys the great palace of Xerxes at Persepolis. Alexander adopts the ceremonial dress and court rituals of his new Persian empire. Alexander begins two years moving with his army through his vast new territories, establishing Greek settlements.

Alexander marries Roxana after subduing the territories of her father, a Bactrian chief in the modern region of Afghanistan. Alexander takes a major new step, leaving Persian territory and moving through the mountain passes into India. Alexander's famous horse Bucephalus dies in India and is commemorated in the name of a new town, Bucephala.

In the Indian monsoon Alexander's Greek troops have finally had enough and threaten to mutiny unless he turns for home. Go to Alexander the Great — bc in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Back in Persia, to emphasize that Greece and Persia are now one, Alexander marries eighty of his senior officers to Persian wives. When the army reaches Ecbatana, Hephaestion dies of a fever and the grief-stricken Alexander erects shrines in his memory.

Alexander the Great, still only 33, dies in Babylon following a banquet. Go to Philip 2 Arrhidaeus c. In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty — with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I.

Ptolemy manages to acquire Alexander the Great's corpse, to lend authority to his rule in Egypt. Seleucus wins control of a vast area, comprising the eastern part of Alexander's empire from the Mediterranean to India.

The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries. Go to Hellenistic Age —30 bc in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.

Alexander's corpse, hijacked by Ptolemy, becomes a sacred relic in Alexandria. Chandragupta Maurya seizes the throne of Magadha, in India, and establishes the Mauryan dynasty. Go to Mauryan empire c. Ptolemy begins to transform Alexandria into a centre of Greek culture, founding his famous 'museum' and library. Seleucia is founded as a new capital on the Tigris, eclipsing Babylon and recycling much of the older city as building material.

Pytheas, a Greek explorer, sails up the west coast of Britain and finds beyond it a more northerly land which he calls Thule. Go to Pytheas c. Alexander IV and his mother Roxana are murdered by order of Cassander by now the self-proclaimed king of Macedonia. Some 20 years after the death of Alexander the Great one of his generals, Ptolemy, extends his rule from Egypt to include Jerusalem.

Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma emerge as India's trio of main gods, with the Vedic religion of the Aryans evolving into Hinduism. The Celts move across the Channel into Britain, soon becoming the dominant ethnic group in the island.

The Greek author Theophrastus writes On the History of Plants , the earliest surviving work on botany. Go to Theophrastus c. The flexibility of the Roman legion transforms the Greek phalanx into an even more effective fighting machine. Euclid, teaching at the museum in Alexandria, writes what becomes Europe's standard textbook on geometry. Vesta, goddess of the hearth, is served in Rome by virgin priestesses who tend the sacred flame in her shrine.

The Indian epic of romance and adventure, the Ramayana , is probably the work of a single author at about this time. Epicurus postulates a universe of indestructible atoms in which man himself is responsible for achieving a balanced life.

Go to Epicureanism in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Phoenicia is brought into the new Hellenistic empire, changing hands frequently between contending successors of Alexander. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single entry from a reference work in OR for personal use for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice. Oxford Reference. Publications Pages Publications Pages. Recently viewed 0 Save Search.

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